LESSON 5
PRINT CULTURE AND THE MODERN WORLD
CLASS 10TH
HISTORY
Question:
Where in the world did the art (technology) of printing develop?
Answer:
The earliest kind of print technology was developed in China, Japan and Korea.
This was a system of hand printing.
Question: Explain about the
development of woodblock printing in brief.
Answer: The print technology
was developed in China, Japan and Korea. This was a system of hand printing.
From AD 594 onwards, books
in China were printed by rubbing paper – also invented there – against the
inked surface of woodblocks.
Buddhist missionaries from China
introduced hand-printing technology into Japan around AD 768-770.
In 1295, Marco Polo, a great
explorer, of Italy brought this knowledge back with him. Italians began producing
books with woodblocks, and soon the technology spread to other parts of Europe
Question:
Explain any three features of Chinese ‘accordion book’.
Answer:
Features of Chinese ‘accordion book’ are given below
Chinese ‘accordion book’
were hand printing
Chinese ‘accordion book’
were printed From AD 594 onwards,
These books in China were
printed by rubbing paper – also invented there – against the inked surface of
woodblocks.
Chinese ‘accordion book’ was
folded and stitched at the side.
Question: Define Calligraphy.
Answer: The art of beautiful and
stylized writing is known as Calligraphy.
Question: Write the main
purpose of print used in China in16th century.
OR
Question: The imperial state
in China was, for a very long time, the major producer of printed material.
What were the causes?
Answer: The imperial state in
China was, for a very long time, the major producer of printed material.
(i)
China possessed a huge bureaucratic
system which recruited its personnel through civil service examinations.
(ii)
Textbooks for this examination were
printed in vast numbers under the sponsorship of the imperial state.
(iii)
From the sixteenth century, the number
of examination candidates went up and that increased the volume of print.
Question: Explain the features
of print culture in 17th century in china.
Answer: The features of print culture in
17th century in china are given below.
(i)
By the seventeenth century, as urban
culture bloomed in China, the uses of print diversified. Print was no longer
used just by scholar officials.
(ii)
Merchants used print in their everyday
life, as they collected trade information.
(iii)
Reading increasingly became a leisure
activity.
(iv)
The new readership preferred fictional
narratives, poetry, autobiographies, anthologies of literary masterpieces, and
romantic plays.
(v)
Rich women began to read, and many women
began publishing their poetry and plays.
(vi)
Wives of scholar-officials published
their works and courtesans wrote about their lives.
Question: Shanghai became the
hub of the new print culture in the late nineteenth century. Discuss it.
Answer: Western printing techniques and
mechanical presses were imported in the late nineteenth century as Western
powers established their outposts in China. Shanghai became the hub of the new
print culture, catering to the Western-style schools.
Question: Name the oldest hand
printed book of Japan. When was this book printed? What are its features?
Answer: Buddhist Diamond Sutra is the
oldest Japanese book.
It
was printed in AD 868,
It is containing six sheets of text and
woodcut illustrations.
Question: How was hand
printing technology introduced in Japan?
OR
Question: How did use of
printing on visual material encourage publishing practice in Japan?
OR
Question: Describe the
progress of print in Japan.
Answer:
(i)
Buddhist missionaries from China
introduced hand-printing technology into Japan around AD 768-770.
(ii)
The oldest Japanese book, printed in AD
868, is the Buddhist Diamond Sutra, containing six sheets of text and woodcut
illustrations.
(iii)
Pictures were printed on textiles,
playing cards and paper money.
(iv)
In medieval Japan, poets and prose
writers were regularly published, and books were cheap and abundant.
(v)
Printing of visual material led to
interesting publishing practices.
(vi)
Libraries and bookstores were packed
with hand-printed material of various types – books on women, musical
instruments, calculations, tea ceremony, flower arrangements, proper etiquette,
cooking and famous places.
Question: What was meant by
‘ukiyo’ art form?
Answer: ‘An art form called ukiyo means ‘pictures
of the floating world’ or depiction (showing) of ordinary human experiences,
especially urban ones.
Question: Name the widely
known contributor of ukiyo art form?
Answer: Kitagawa Utamaro
Question: Who was Kitagawa
Utamaro?
Answer: Kitagawa Utamaro, was widely
known contributor of an art form called ukiyo.
He was born in Edo in 1753,
Question: Give names of
artists influenced by ukiyo art form?
Answer: ‘Ukiyo’ art form influenced
contemporary Artists like Manet, Monet and Van Gogh.
Question:
What were the negative aspects of ‘ukiyo’ art form?
Answer: The negative aspects of ‘ukiyo’ art
form are given below.
(i)
In Ukiyo art form Publishers identified
subjects and commissioned artists who drew the theme in outline.
(ii)
Then a skilled woodblock carver pasted
the drawing on a woodblock and carved a printing block to reproduce the
painter’s lines.
(iii)
In the process, the original drawing
would be destroyed and only prints would survive.
Question: Write about
Tripitaka Koreana
Answer:
(i)
The
Tripitaka Koreana are a Korean collection of Buddhist scriptures.
(ii)
It
is belonging to the mid-13th century,
(iii)
They
were engraved on about 80,000 printing woodblocks.
(iv)
They
were inscribed on the UNESCO Memory of the World Register in 2007
Question: What is Jikji? Why it was inscribed on the UNESCO Memory
of the World Register in 2001?
Answer:
The Jikji of Korea is among the world’s oldest existing books printed
with movable metal type.
It contains the essential features of
Zen Buddhism.
About 150 monks of India, China and
Korea are mentioned in the book.
It was printed in late 14th century.
The first volume of the book is unavailable;
the second one is available in the National Library of France.
This work marked an important technical
change in the print culture. That is why it was inscribed on the UNESCO Memory
of the World Register in 2001.
Question: What were the main
drawbacks of manuscripts?
Question: What is manuscript?
Mention any three limitations of manuscripts during19th century?
Question: What is manuscript?
Write shortcomings of manuscripts.
Answer: Manuscript is a handwritten
material.
(i)
Manuscripts
were fragile, awkward to handle, and could not be carried around.or read
easily. Their circulation therefore remained limited.
(ii)
Copying
was an expensive, laborious and time-consuming business so manuscripts were
highly expensive.
(iii)
Handwritten
manuscripts could not meet the over increasing demand of books
Answer: The features of handwritten
manuscripts before the age of print in India are given below.
(iv)
Manuscripts
were copied on palm leaves or on handmade paper.
(v)
Pages
were sometimes beautifully illustrated.
(vi)
They
would be either pressed between wooden covers or sewn together to ensure
preservation.
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