LESSON -3 MAKING OF A GLOBAL WORLD (HISTORY) CLASS 10TH (ENGLISH MEDIUM)

LESSON -3

MAKING OF A GLOBAL WORLD (HISTORY)

CLASS 10TH

Question: How old is the history of ‘globalisation’?

Answer: The history of ‘globalisation’ is 50 years old.

Question: Explain three flows of international economic exchange in nineteenth century in the context of the world history?

OR

Question: Globlisation is the process of becoming a world. Explain three types of movements or flows in international economic exchange?

OR

Question: Explain some factors that have gone into the making of global world?

Answer: Factors which have gone into the making of the global world has a long history. three types of movements or flows in international economic exchange have been done in international exchange these are given below.

         (i)         Flow of trade,

        (ii)        Flow of migration people in search of work,

       (iii)       The movement of capital and much else.

Question:  All through history, human societies have become steadily more interlinked. Justify the statement with illustrations (examples).

Answer: All through history, human societies have become steadily more interlinked. This can be discussed as under.

     (i)            From ancient times, travellers, traders, priests and pilgrims travelled vast distances for knowledge, opportunity and spiritual fulfilment, or to escape persecution.

   (ii)            They carried goods, money, values, skills, ideas, inventions, and even germs and diseases.

 (iii)            As early as 3000 BCE an active coastal trade linked the Indus valley civilisations with present-day West Asia.

 (iv)            For more than a millennia, cowries (the Hindi cowdi or seashells, used as a form of currency) from the Maldives found their way to China and East Africa.

   (v)            The long-distance spread of disease-carrying germs may be traced as far back as the seventh century.

Question: What is meant by ‘Cowrie’? For what purpose was these used?

Answer: ‘Cowrie’ is a hindi word. The meaning of cowrie is seashells. it is used as a form of currency)

Question: What was the importance of silk routes?

OR

Question: How did silk routes link the world? Explain with three examples.

OR

Question: Explain thre characteristics of silk routes.

Answer:

         (i)         The name ‘Silk Routes’ points to the importance of West-bound Chinese silk cargoes along this route.

        (ii)        Historians have identified several silk routes, over land and by sea, knitting together vast regions of Asia, and linking Asia with Europe and northern Africa.

       (iii)       They are known to have existed since before the Christian Era and thrived almost till the fifteenth century.

       (iv)       Silk routes were used to transport Chinese silk, Chinese pottery,  textiles and spices from India and Southeast Asia to Europe.  In return, precious metals – gold and silver – flowed from Europe to Asia.

        (v)        Early Christian missionaries almost certainly travelled this route to Asia. A few centuries later Muslim preachers also travelled from these routes. Buddhism emerged from eastern India and spread in several directions through intersecting points on the silk routes.

Question: “The silk routes an example of trade and cultural link between distant parts of the world.” Explain with examples.

Answer:  The silk routes are a good example of vibrant pre-modern trade and cultural links between distant parts of the world.

         (i)         Chinese pottery also travelled the same route, as did textiles and spices from India and Southeast Asia.  In return, precious metals – gold and silver – flowed from Europe to Asia.

        (ii)        Early Christian missionaries almost certainly travelled this route to Asia. A few centuries later Muslim preachers also travelled from these routes. Buddhism emerged from eastern India and spread in several directions through intersecting points on the silk routes.

Question: Food offers many examples of long-distance cultural exchange. Justify the statement.

Answer: Food offers many examples of long-distance cultural exchange. This can be justify with the examples given below.

         (i)         Traders and travellers introduced new crops to the lands they travelled.

        (ii)        Even ‘ready’ foodstuff in distant parts of the world might share common origins. Spaghetti and noodles are the example.

       (iii)       It is believed that noodles travelled west from China to become spaghetti.

       (iv)       Perhaps Arab traders took pasta to fifth-century Sicily, an island now in Italy.

        (v)        Many of our common foods such as potatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize, tomatoes, chillies, sweet potatoes, and so on were not known to our ancestors until about five centuries ago.

Question: who discovered the vast the vast continent that would later become known as the Americas?

Christopher Columbus accidentally discovered the vast continent that would later become known as the Americas. (i.e.North America, South America and the Caribbean.)

Question: Which foods were introduced in Europe and Asia aftermath Christopher Columbus accidentally discovered America?

Answer: Many of our common foods such as potatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize, tomatoes, chillies, sweet potatoes, and so on were introduced in Europe and Asia after Christopher Columbus accidentally discovered America.

Question: Discussed potato famine of Ireland.

Answer: Europe’s poor began to eat better and live longer with the introduction of the humble potato. Ireland’s poorest peasants became so dependent on potatoes that when disease destroyed the potato crop in the mid-1840s, hundreds of thousands died of starvation.

During the Great Irish Potato Famine (1845 to 1849), around 1,000,000 people died of starvation in Ireland, and double the number emigrated in search of work.

Question: Sometimes the new crops could make the difference between life and death. Explain the statement.

OR

Question: Which crop made the difference between life and death in Europe?

Answer: Sometimes the new crops could make the difference between life and death. For example potato made the difference between life and death in Europe.

Europe’s poor began to eat better and live longer with the introduction of the humble potato. Ireland’s poorest peasants became so dependent on potatoes that when disease destroyed the potato crop in the mid-1840s, hundreds of thousands died of starvation.

Question: Explain what we mean when we shay the world “shrank” in 1500s?

OR

The pre modern world shrank in the 16^th century. Why?

Answer: When we say that the pre-modern world shrank greatly in the sixteenth century it means:

     (i)            In the 16th century European sailors found a sea route to Asia and also successfully crossed the western ocean to America.

   (ii)            Before its ‘discovery’, America had been cut off from regular contact with the rest of the world for millions of years. But from the sixteenth century, its vast lands and abundant crops and minerals began to transform trade and lives everywhere.

 (iii)            Precious metals, particularly silver, from mines located in present day Peru and Mexico also enhanced Europe’s wealth and financed its trade with Asia.

 (iv)            Legends spread in seventeenth-century Europe about South America’s fabled wealth.

Question: What is El Dorado in South America famous for?

Answer: El Dorado, in South America famous for the fabled city of gold.

Question: Who were the first Europeans to conquer and colonise America in the Sixteenth century?

Answer: The Portuguese and Spanish people were the first conquer and colonise America in the Sixteenth century. 

Question: Explain how the global transfer of disease in the pre-modern world helped in the colonisation of the Americas.

OR

Question: How did the small pox prove as the most powerful weapon of the Spanish conquerors in the mid-sixteenth century? Explain.

OR

Question: The most powerful weapon of the Spanish conquerors was not a conventional military weapon at all. Justify the statement by giving reasons.

Answer: The most powerful weapon of the Spanish conquerors was not a conventional military weapon. Small pox proved as the most powerful weapon of the Spanish conquerors in the mid-sixteenth century. Because of these reasons

     (i)            It was the germs such as those of smallpox that they carried on their person.

   (ii)            Because of their long isolation, America’s original inhabitants had no immunity against these diseases that came from Europe.

 (iii)            Smallpox in particular proved a deadly killer.

 (iv)            Once introduced, it spread deep into the continent, ahead even of any Europeans reaching there. It killed and decimated whole communities, paving the way for conquest.

Question: Why thousands people fled Europe for America in nineteenth century?

 OR 

Question: What are the conditions of Europe before nineteenth century?

Answer: Until the nineteenth century, poverty and hunger were common in Europe.

Cities were crowded and deadly diseases were widespread.

Religious conflicts were common, and religious dissenters were persecuted.

Thousands people of Europe were therefore fled Europe for America.

Question: Who did plantation work in America for European market?

Answer: By the eighteenth century, plantations worked by slaves captured in Africa were growing cotton and sugar for European markets.

Question: Until well into the eighteenth century, China and India were among the world’s richest countries. But in nineteenth century centre of world trade gradually moved westwards. Explain it.

Answer: Until well into the eighteenth century, China and India were among the world’s richest countries. They were also pre-eminent in Asian trade.

However, from the fifteenth century, China is said to have restricted overseas contacts and retreated into isolation.

China’s reduced role and the rising importance of the Americas gradually moved the centre of world trade westwards.

Europe now emerged as the centre of world trade.

Question: Define dissenter.

Answer: One who refuses to accept established beliefs and practices is known as dissenter

LESSON -6 MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES Class 10th Social science (Geography), (English medium)

 

LESSON -6

MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

Class 10th Social science (Geography)

 Question: What is manufacturing?

Answer:

Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products is called manufacturing.

Some example of manufacturing are given below

         (i)         Paper is manufactured from wood,

        (ii)        Sugar is manufactured from sugarcane,

       (iii)       Iron and steel is manufactured from iron ore

       (iv)       Aluminium is manufactured from bauxite.

        (v)        Some types of clothes are manufactured from yarn which itself is an industrial product.

Question: In which sector manufacturing industries fall? What the people do in this sector? Give example.

Answer: Manufacturing industries fall in the secondary sector.

People employed in the secondary activities manufacture the primary materials into finished goods.

The workers employed in steel factories, car, breweries, textile industries, bakeries etc. fall into this category.

Question: How the economic strength of a country is measured?

Answer: The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of manufacturing industries.

Question:  Explain the importance of manufacturing industries.

OR

Why Manufacturing sector is considered the backbone of development?

 

Answer: Manufacturing sector is considered the backbone of development in general and economic development in particular mainly due to these reasons.

(a)    Manufacturing industries not only help in modernising agriculture, which forms the backbone of our economy, they also reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.

(b)   Industrial development is a precondition for eradication of unemployment and poverty from our country.

(c)    This was the main philosophy behind public sector industries and joint sector ventures in India.

(d)   It was also aimed at bringing down regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.

(e)    Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce, and brings in much needed foreign exchange.

(f)    Countries that transform their raw materials into a wide variety of finished goods of higher value are prosperous. India’s prosperity lies in increasing and diversifying its manufacturing industries as quickly as possible.

Question: Agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each other justify the statement.

OR

Question: Agriculture and industry move hand in hand. Explain the statement with example.

OR

Question: How agriculture and industry interdependent to each other? Explain with examples.

Answer: Agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each other

         (i)         They move hand in hand. For instance, the agro-industries in India have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its productivity.

        (ii)        They depend on the latter for raw materials and sell their products such as irrigation pumps, fertilisers, insecticides, pesticides, plastic and PVC pipes, machines and tools, etc. to the farmers.

       (iii)       Thus, development and competitiveness of manufacturing industry has not only assisted agriculturists in increasing their production but also made the production processes very efficient.

Question: How can we able to compete in the international market?

Answer: In the present day world of globalisation, our industry needs to be more efficient and competitive. Self-sufficiency alone is not enough. Our manufactured goods must be at par in quality with those in the international market. Only then, will we be able to compete in the international market.

Question: Classify the industries on the basis of source of raw materials used.

Answer: On the basis of source of raw materials used are classified as given below.

         (i)         Agro-based industries: The industry which gets its raw material from agriculture is known as agro-based industry. Like cotton, jute, silk, woollen textiles, sugar and edible oil, etc. industries are based on agricultural raw materials.

        (ii)        Mineral-based industries: The industry which gets its raw material from minerals is known as mineral-based industry. Iron and steel, cement, aluminium, machine tools, petrochemicals are based on minerals.

Question: Classify the industries on the basis of their main role.

Answer: According to their main role industries are classified as given below:

Basic or key industries:

Basic or key industries are those which supply their products as raw materials to manufacture other goods e.g. iron and steel and copper smelting, aluminum smelting.

Consumer industries:  

Consumer industries are those industries that produce goods for direct use by consumers – sugar, toothpaste, paper, sewing machines, fans etc.

Question: Classify the industries on the basis of capital investment? Explain about small scale industries.

Answer: On the basis of capital investment industries are classified in two categories as small and large scale industries.

Small scale industry

A small scale industry is defined with reference to the maximum investment allowed on the assets of a unit. This limit has changed over a period of time. At present the maximum investment allowed is rupees one crore.

Large scale industries

If the investment in a industry is more than one crore, then it is called as large scale industry.

Question: Classify the industries on the basis of ownership.

Answer: On the basis of ownership there are four types of industries.  These are discussed below.

         (i)         Public sector industries: Which industries are owned and operated by government agencies – BHEL, SAIL etc.

        (ii)        Private sector industries:  Which industries are owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals. For example TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., Dabur Industries.

       (iii)       Joint sector industries: Those industries are jointly run by the state and individuals or a group of individuals. For example Oil India Ltd. (OIL) is jointly owned by public and private sector.

       (iv)       Cooperative sector industries:  Which industries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both. They pool in the resources and share the profits or losses proportionately. Such examples are the sugar industry in Maharashtra, the coir industry in Kerala.

Question: Classify the industries on the basis of on the bulk and weight of raw material and finished goods.

Answer: Based on the bulk and weight of raw material and finished goods there are two types of industries Heavy industries and Light industries.

         (i)         Heavy industries such as iron and steel

        (ii)        Light industries that use light raw materials and produce light goods such as electrical goods industries.

Question: Classify the following into two groups on the basis of bulk and weight of raw material and finished goods.

(i) Oil (ii) Knitting needles (iii) Brassware, (iv) Fuse wires, (v) Watches, (vi) Sewing Machines

(vii) Shipbuilding (viii) Electric Bulbs (ix) Paint brushes (x) Automobiles

Answer:

Industries on the basis of bulk and weight of raw material: Oil, Brassware,Sewing Machines, Shipbuilding, and Automobiles.

Industries on the basis of finished goods: Knitting needles, Fuse wires, Watches, Electric Bulbs and Paint brushes.

Question: What is the importance of textile industry in India?

OR

Question: The textile industry occupies unique position in the Indian economy. Explain it.

Answer: The textile industry occupies unique position in the Indian economy, due to these reasons

         (i)         It contributes significantly to industrial production,

        (ii)        It contributes in employment generation

       (iii)       It helps in the earning of foreign exchange.

       (iv)       It is the only industry in the country, which is self-reliant and complete in the value chain i.e., from raw material to the highest value added products.

Question: Explain why the Cotton Textiles industry in India was suffered in 18^th century?

                                                            OR

Question: why did our traditional cotton textile industry suffered a set back during the colonial period.?

Answer: In ancient India, cotton textiles were produced with hand spinning and handloom weaving techniques.

India was a British colony during this time.

After the 18th century, power-looms came into use in England.

Our traditional industries suffered a setback during the colonial period because they could not compete with the mill-made cloth from England.

Question: When and where was the successful textile mill was established in India?

Answer: The first successful textile mill was established in Mumbai in 1854.

Question: Why the textile industry in India boost during world wars?

Answer: The two world wars were fought in Europe, India was a British colony. There was a demand for cloth in U.K. hence; they gave a boost to the development of the cotton textile industry.

 

Question: Why was the cotton textile industry was concentrated in the cotton growing belt of Maharashtra and Gujarat in early years? Explain.

Answer: In the early years, the cotton textile industry was concentrated in the cotton growing belt of Maharashtra and Gujarat. Availability of raw cotton, market, transport including accessible port facilities, labour, moist climate, etc. contributed towards its localisation.

Question: Cotton textile industry has close link with agriculture; justify the statement.

Answer: Cotton textile industry has close links with agriculture and provides a living to farmers, cotton boll pluckers and workers engaged in ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing, designing, packaging, tailoring and sewing. The industry by creating demands supports many other industries, such as, chemicals and dyes, packaging materials and engineering works.

QUESTION: When and where was the first jute mill set up in India?

Answer: The first jute mill was set up near Kolkata in 1855 at Rishra.

Question: Why is jute industry concentrated in West Bengal? Explain with reasons.

OR

Question: Why are most of the jute mills located in West Bengal along the bank of the river Hugli? Explain any three reasons for this.

Answer: The first jute mill was set up near Kolkata in 1855 at Rishra.  

After Partition in 1947, the jute mills remained in India but three-fourth of the jute producing area went to Bangladesh (erstwhile East Pakistan).

India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods and stands at second place as an exporter after Bangladesh.

Most of the mills are located in West Bengal, mainly along the banks of the Hugli River, in a narrow belt.  Factors responsible for their location in the Hugli basin are:

         (i)         Proximity of the jute producing areas,

        (ii)        Inexpensive water transport,

       (iii)       This industry is supported by a good network of railways, roadways and waterways to facilitate movement of raw material to the mills,

       (iv)       Abundant water is available for processing raw jute.

        (v)        Cheap labour is available from West Bengal and adjoining states of Bihar, Odisha and Uttar Pradesh.

       (vi)       Kolkata as a large urban centre provides banking, insurance and port facilities for export of jute goods.

Question: What is the position of India in the world in the production of Sugar?

Answer: India stands second as a world producer of sugar

It stands first place in the production of gur and khandsari.

Question: Why should the Sugar mills be ideally located?

Answer: In sugar industry sugar cane is the raw material for making sugar. This raw material used in this industry is bulky and in transportation its sucrose content reduces. Therefore the, sugar mills should be located near the source of raw material. So, the sugar mills are ideally located near sugarcane production area.  

Question: Write the distribution of sugar industries in India.  

Answer: The sugar mills are located in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh.

Sixty per cent mills are in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.

Question: There is a tendency for the sugar industries (mills) to shift and concentrate in the southern and western states, especially in Maharashtra. Give reasons.

Answer: In recent years, there is a tendency for the mills to shift and concentrate in the southern and western states, especially in Maharashtra,

This is because the cane produced here has a higher sucrose content.

The cooler climate also ensures a longer crushing season.

Moreover, the cooperatives are more successful in these states.

Question: Production and consumption of steel is often regarded as the index of a country’s development. Explain.

Answer:

         (i)         The iron and steel industry is the basic industry.

        (ii)        All the other industries - heavy, medium and light, depend on it for their machinery.

       (iii)       Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of engineering goods, construction material, defence, medical, telephonic, scientific equipment and a variety of consumer goods.

       (iv)       It provides employment to a large number of people.

        (v)        It also helps in the development of agriculture.

       (vi)       Thus production and consumption of steel is often regarded as the index of a country’s development.

Question:  Why is iron and steel industry called a basic industry?

Answer: Iron and steel industry called a basic industry due to these reasons.

         (i)         All the other industries - heavy, medium and light, depend on it for their machinery.

        (ii)        Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of engineering goods, construction material, defence, medical, telephonic, scientific equipment and a variety of consumer goods.

Question:  Why is iron and steel industry called a heavy industry?

Answer: Iron and steel is a heavy industry because all the raw materials as well as finished goods are heavy and bulky entailing heavy transportation costs.

Question: Write the composition of different materials needed to manufacture steel.

Answer:

         (i)         Iron ore, coking coal and lime stone are required in the ratio of approximately 4:2:1.

        (ii)        Some quantities of manganese are also required to harden the steel.

Question: Explain the different Processes of Manufacture of Steel.

Answer: Processes of Manufacture of Steel are discussed with these points.

     (i)            Transport of raw material to plant

Blast furnace

   (ii)            Iron is melted lime stone is fluxing material which is added. Slag is removed, coke is burnt to heat the ore.

Pig iron

 (iii)            Molten materials poured into moulds called as pigs.

Shaping metal

 (iv)            Rolling, pressing, casting and forging

Steel making

   (v)            Pig iron is further purified by melting and oxidising the impurities, manganese nickel and chromium are added.

 

Question: Why Chhota Nagpur Plateau Region the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries? Analysis the reasons.

Answer:  Chhota Nagpur Plateau Region has the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries.

It is largely, because of the relative advantages this region has for the development of this industry.

These include, low cost of iron ore, high grade raw materials in proximity, cheap labour and vast growth potential in the home market.

Question: What are the  characteristics of Aluminium?

Answer: Aluminium is light, resistant to corrosion,

It is a good conductor of heat

It is malleable

It becomes strong when it is mixed with other metals.

Question: What are the  uses of Aluminium?

Answer: It is used to manufacture aircraft, utensils and wires.

It has gained popularity as a substitute of steel, copper, zinc and lead in a number of industries. 

Question: Explain the distribution of Aluminium Smelting industry in India.

Answer: Aluminium smelting is the second most important metallurgical industry in India.

Aluminium smelting plants in the country are located in Odisha, West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.

Question: What is the raw material used in Aluminium smelting industry?

 Answer: Bauxite, the raw material used in the smelters is a very bulky, dark reddish coloured rock.

Question: What are the two major factors for the location of Aluminium smelting industry?

Answer: Regular supply of electricity and an assured source of raw material at minimum cost are the two prime factors for location of the industry.

Question: Discuss the status of Chemical Industries in India.

Answer: The Chemical industry in India is fast growing and diversifying.

It comprises both large and small scale manufacturing units.

Rapid growth has been recorded in both inorganic and organic sectors.

Inorganic chemicals include sulphuric acid (used to manufacture fertilizers, synthetic fibres, plastics, adhesives, paints, dyes stuffs), nitric acid, alkalies, soda ash (used to make glass, soaps and detergents, paper) and caustic soda.

Organic chemicals include petrochemicals, which are used for manufacturing of synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber, plastics, dye-stuffs, drugs and pharmaceuticals. Organic chemical plants are located near oil refineries or petrochemical plants.

The chemical industry is its own largest consumer.

Basic chemicals undergo processing to further produce other chemicals that are used for industrial application, agriculture or directly for consumer markets.

Question: Discuss fertilizer Industry in India.

Answer: The fertilizer industry is centred around the production of nitrogenous fertilizers (mainly urea), phosphatic fertilizers and ammonium phosphate (DAP) and complex fertilizers which have a combination of nitrogen (N), phosphate (P), and potash (K). The potash is entirely imported as the country does not have any reserves of commercially usable potash or potassium compounds in any form.

Question: Distribution of fertilizer industry in India.

Answer: After the Green Revolution the industry expanded to several other parts of the country.

Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Kerala contribute towards half of the fertilizer production.

Other significant producers are Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Rajasthan, Bihar, Maharashtra, Assam, West Bengal, Goa, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka.

Question: Discuss Cement Industry in India.

Answer:  Cement is essential for construction activity such as building houses, factories, bridges, roads, airports, dams and for other commercial establishments.

This industry requires bulky and heavy raw materials like limestone, silica and gypsum.

Coal and electric power are needed apart from rail transportation.

The first cement plant was set-up in Chennai in 1904. After Independence the industry expanded. The industry has strategically located plants in Gujarat that have suitable access to the market in the Gulf countries.

Question: Explain about Automobile Industry in India.

Answer: Automobiles provide vehicle for quick transport of good services and passengers.

Trucks, buses, cars, motor cycles, scooters, three-wheelers and multi-utility vehicles are manufactured in India at various centres.

After the liberalisation, the coming in of new and contemporary models stimulated the demand for vehicles in the market, which led to the healthy growth of the industry including passenger cars, two and three-wheelers.

The industry is located around Delhi, Gurugram, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad, Jamshedpur and Bengaluru.

Question: Explain about Information Technology and Electronics Industry in India.

Answer:

         (i)         The electronics industry covers a wide range of products from transistor sets to television, telephones, cellular telecom, telephone exchange, radars, computers and many other types of equipment required by the telecommunication industry.

        (ii)        Bengaluru has emerged as the electronic capital of India.

       (iii)       Other important centres for electronic goods are Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow and Coimbatore.

       (iv)       The major industry concentration is at Bengaluru, Noida, Mumbai, Chennai, Hyderabad and Pune.

        (v)        The continuing growth in the hardware and software is the key to the success of IT industry in India.

Question: What is the importance of information technology sector for the Indian economy? Explain.

Answer: the information technology sector has been very beneficial for the Indian economy. This can be asserted as fellow.

         (i)         A major impact of this industry has been on employment generation.

        (ii)        This industry is a major foreign exchange earner.

       (iii)       It has helped in the growth of service sector.

Question: How do industries pollute the environment?

Although industries contribute significantly to India’s economic growth and development, the increase in pollution of land, water, air, noise and resulting degradation of environment that they have caused, cannot be overlooked.

Industries are responsible for four types of pollution: (a) Air (b) Water (c) Land (d) Noise.

The polluting industries also include thermal power plants.

Air pollution

Air pollution is caused by the presence of high proportion of undesirable gases, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide.

Airborne particulate materials contain both solid and liquid particles like dust, sprays mist and smoke.

Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants, and burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories that ignore pollution norms.

Toxic gas leaks can be very hazardous with long-term effects. The Bhopal Gas tragedy was one of the major examples of gas leak.  

Air pollution adversely affects human health, animals, plants, buildings and the atmosphere as a whole.

Water pollution

Water pollution is caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes and affluents discharged into rivers.

The main culprits in this regard are paper, pulp, chemical, textile and dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries and electroplating industries that let out dyes, detergents, acids, salts and heavy metals like lead and mercury pesticides, fertilisers, synthetic chemicals with carbon, plastics and rubber, etc. into the water bodies.

Fly ash, phospo- gypsum and iron and steel slags are the major solid wastes in India.

Thermal pollution of water occurs when hot water from factories and thermal plants is drained into rivers and ponds before cooling. It effect on aquatic life.

Wastes from nuclear power plants, nuclear and weapon production facilities cause cancers, birth defects and miscarriages.

Soil and underground water pollution

Soil and water pollution are closely related. Dumping of wastes especially glass, harmful chemicals, industrial effluents, packaging, salts and garbage renders the soil useless.

Rain water percolates to the soil carrying the pollutants to the ground and the ground water also gets contaminated.

Noise pollution

Noise pollution not only results in irritation and anger, it can also cause hearing impairment, increased heart rate and blood pressure among other physiological effects. Unwanted sound is an irritant and a source of stress. Industrial and construction activities, machinery, factory equipment, generators, saws and pneumatic and electric drills also make a lot of noise.

Question: Discuss the steps to be taken to minimise environmental degradation by industry?

OR

Question: How can we Control of Environmental Degradation which is done by industries?

Answer:

Some suggestions to reduce pollution in water are given below –

Reduces of water pollution

Minimising use water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages

Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements

Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds. This can be done in three phases

         (i)         Primary treatment by mechanical means. This involves screening, grinding, flocculation and sedimentation.

        (ii)        Secondary treatment by biological process

       (iii)       Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes. This involves recycling of wastewater.

Overdrawing of ground water reserves by industry where there is a threat to ground water resources also needs to be regulated legally.

Reduces of air pollution

Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators.

Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories.

Reduces of noise pollution

Machinery and equipment can be used and generators should be fitted with silencers.

Almost all machinery can be redesigned to increase energy efficiency and reduce noise.

Noise absorbing material may be used apart from personal use of earplugs and earphones.

 

The challenge of sustainable development requires integration of economic development with environmental concerns.

Question: Explain the pro–active approach adopted by the National Thermal Power corporation (NTPC) for the preserving the natural environment and resources.

Answer: NTPC is a major power providing corporation in India.

It has ISO certification for EMS (Environment Management System) 14001.

The corporation has a proactive approach for preserving the natural environment and resources like water, oil and gas and fuels in places where it is setting up power plants.

This has been possible through-

(a) Optimum utilisation of equipment adopting latest techniques and upgrading existing equipment.

(b) Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilisation.

(c) Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance and addressing the question of special purpose vehicles for afforestation.

(d) Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, ash water recycling system and liquid waste management.

(e) Ecological monitoring, reviews and on-line database management for all its power stations.

Question: Which one of the following industries uses bauxite as a raw material?

(a) Aluminium Smelting          (b) Cement     (c) Paper          (d) Steel

Answer: Aluminium Smelting

Question: Which one of the following industries manufactures telephones, computer, etc?

(a) Steel           (b) Electronic (c) Aluminium Smelting          (d) Information Technology

Answer: Information Technology

Question: What are basic industries? Give an example.

Answer: Basic industries are those industries which supply their products or finished goods to other industries to manufacture new goods. These industries provide a base for other industries is called basic industries.

Example :- Iron and steel industry and Copper smelting industry.

Question: Every liter of waste water discharged by our industry pollutes eight times the quantity of freshwater.  How can the industrial pollution of fresh water be reduced?

OR

How can the industrial pollution of freshwater be reduced?

Answer: Some suggestions to reduce pollution in water are given below -

(i) Minimising use water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages

(ii) Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements

(iii) Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds.

Treatment of industrial effluents (liquid )

Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases

(a) Primary treatment by mechanical means. This involves screening, grinding, flocculation and sedimentation.

(b) Secondary treatment by biological process

(c) Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes. This involves recycling of wastewater.

 Overdrawing of ground water reserves by industry where there is a threat to ground water resources also needs to be regulated legally.

Why did Mahatma Gandhi lay emphasis on spinning yarn and weaving khadi?

Answer: Because Mahatma Gandhi wanted that employment should be given to large number of people who were unemployed.

They also want to spread the use of home-made cloth.  

Why is it important for our country to keep the mill sector loomage lower than power loom and handloom?

Answer: Because power loom and handloom provide employment to a large number of weavers.