LESSON
-6
MANUFACTURING
INDUSTRIES
Class
10th Social science (Geography)
Answer:
Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw
materials to more valuable products is called manufacturing.
Some example of manufacturing are given below
(i)
Paper is manufactured from wood,
(ii)
Sugar is manufactured from sugarcane,
(iii) Iron
and steel is manufactured from iron ore
(iv) Aluminium
is manufactured from bauxite.
(v)
Some types of clothes are manufactured from yarn which itself is
an industrial product.
Question: In which sector manufacturing industries fall? What the
people do in this sector? Give example.
Answer:
Manufacturing industries fall in the secondary sector.
People
employed in the secondary activities manufacture the primary materials into finished
goods.
The
workers employed in steel factories, car, breweries, textile industries,
bakeries etc. fall into this category.
Question: How the economic strength of a country is measured?
Answer: The economic strength of a country is measured by the
development of manufacturing industries.
Question: Explain the
importance of manufacturing industries.
OR
Why Manufacturing sector is considered the backbone of development?
Answer: Manufacturing sector is considered the backbone of development in
general and economic development in particular mainly due to these reasons.
(a)
Manufacturing industries not only help in modernising agriculture,
which forms the backbone of our economy, they also reduce the heavy dependence
of people on agricultural income by providing them jobs in secondary and
tertiary sectors.
(b)
Industrial development is a precondition for eradication of
unemployment and poverty from our country.
(c)
This was the main philosophy behind public sector industries and
joint sector ventures in India.
(d)
It was also aimed at bringing down regional disparities by
establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.
(e)
Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce, and
brings in much needed foreign exchange.
(f)
Countries that transform their raw materials into a wide variety
of finished goods of higher value are prosperous. India’s prosperity lies in
increasing and diversifying its manufacturing industries as quickly as
possible.
Question: Agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each other
justify the statement.
OR
Question: Agriculture and industry move hand in hand. Explain the
statement with example.
OR
Question: How agriculture and industry interdependent to each other?
Explain with examples.
Answer: Agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each other
(i)
They move hand in hand. For instance, the agro-industries in India
have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its productivity.
(ii)
They depend on the latter for raw materials and sell their
products such as irrigation pumps, fertilisers, insecticides, pesticides,
plastic and PVC pipes, machines and tools, etc. to the farmers.
(iii)
Thus, development and competitiveness of manufacturing
industry has not only assisted agriculturists in increasing their production
but also made the production processes very efficient.
Question: How can we able to compete in the international market?
Answer:
In the present day world of globalisation, our industry needs to be more
efficient and competitive. Self-sufficiency alone is not enough. Our
manufactured goods must be at par in quality with those in the international
market. Only then, will we be able to compete in the international market.
Question: Classify the industries on the basis of source of raw
materials used.
Answer: On the basis of source of raw materials used are
classified as given below.
(i)
Agro-based industries: The industry
which gets its raw material from agriculture is known as agro-based industry.
Like cotton, jute, silk, woollen textiles, sugar and edible oil, etc.
industries are based on agricultural raw materials.
(ii)
Mineral-based industries: The industry
which gets its raw material from minerals is known as mineral-based industry. Iron and steel, cement, aluminium, machine tools,
petrochemicals are based on minerals.
Question: Classify the industries on the basis of their
main role.
Answer: According to their main role industries are classified
as given below:
Basic or key industries:
Basic or key industries are those which supply their products as
raw materials to manufacture other goods e.g. iron and steel and copper
smelting, aluminum smelting.
Consumer industries:
Consumer industries are those industries that produce goods for
direct use by consumers – sugar, toothpaste, paper, sewing machines, fans etc.
Question: Classify the industries on the basis of capital
investment? Explain about small scale industries.
Answer: On the basis of capital investment industries are
classified in two categories as small and large scale industries.
Small scale industry
A small scale industry is defined with reference to the maximum
investment allowed on the assets of a unit. This limit has changed over a
period of time. At present the maximum investment allowed is rupees one crore.
Large scale industries
If the investment in a industry is more than one crore, then it
is called as large scale industry.
Question: Classify the industries on the basis of ownership.
Answer: On the basis of ownership there are four types of
industries. These are discussed below.
(i)
Public sector industries:
Which industries are owned and operated by government agencies – BHEL, SAIL
etc.
(ii)
Private sector industries: Which industries are owned and operated by
individuals or a group of individuals. For example TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd.,
Dabur Industries.
(iii) Joint
sector industries: Those industries are jointly run by the state and individuals
or a group of individuals. For example Oil India Ltd. (OIL) is jointly owned by
public and private sector.
(iv) Cooperative
sector industries: Which industries are
owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or
both. They pool in the resources and share the profits or losses
proportionately. Such examples are the sugar industry in Maharashtra, the coir
industry in Kerala.
Question: Classify the industries on the basis of on the
bulk and weight of raw material and finished goods.
Answer: Based on the bulk and weight of raw material and
finished goods there are two types of industries Heavy industries and Light
industries.
(i)
Heavy industries such as iron and steel
(ii)
Light industries that use light raw materials and produce light
goods such as electrical goods industries.
Question: Classify the following into two groups on the basis of
bulk and weight of raw material and finished goods.
(i) Oil (ii) Knitting needles (iii) Brassware, (iv) Fuse wires, (v)
Watches, (vi) Sewing Machines
(vii) Shipbuilding (viii) Electric Bulbs (ix) Paint brushes (x)
Automobiles
Answer:
Industries
on the basis of bulk and weight of raw material: Oil, Brassware,Sewing
Machines, Shipbuilding, and Automobiles.
Industries
on the basis of finished goods: Knitting needles, Fuse wires, Watches,
Electric Bulbs and Paint brushes.
Question: What is the importance of textile industry in India?
OR
Question: The textile industry occupies unique position in the
Indian economy. Explain it.
Answer:
The textile industry occupies unique position in the Indian economy, due to
these reasons
(i)
It
contributes significantly to industrial production,
(ii)
It
contributes in employment generation
(iii)
It
helps in the earning of foreign exchange.
(iv)
It
is the only industry in the country, which is self-reliant and complete in the
value chain i.e., from raw material to the highest value added products.
Question: Explain why the Cotton Textiles industry in India was
suffered in 18th century?
OR
Question: why did our traditional cotton textile industry suffered a
set back during the colonial period.?
Answer:
In ancient India, cotton textiles were produced with hand spinning and handloom
weaving techniques.
India
was a British colony during this time.
After
the 18th century, power-looms came into use in England.
Our
traditional industries suffered a setback during the colonial period because
they could not compete with the mill-made cloth from England.
Question: When and where was the successful textile mill was
established in India?
Answer:
The first successful textile mill was established in Mumbai in 1854.
Question: Why the textile industry in India boost during world wars?
Answer:
The two world wars were fought in Europe, India was a British colony. There was
a demand for cloth in U.K. hence; they gave a boost to the development of the
cotton textile industry.
Question: Why was the cotton textile industry was concentrated in
the cotton growing belt of Maharashtra and Gujarat in early years? Explain.
Answer: In the early years, the cotton textile industry was
concentrated in the cotton growing belt of Maharashtra and Gujarat.
Availability of raw cotton, market, transport including accessible port
facilities, labour, moist climate, etc. contributed towards its localisation.
Question: Cotton textile industry has close link with agriculture;
justify the statement.
Answer: Cotton textile industry has close links with agriculture
and provides a living to farmers, cotton boll pluckers and workers engaged in
ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing, designing, packaging, tailoring and sewing.
The industry by creating demands supports many other industries, such as,
chemicals and dyes, packaging materials and engineering works.
QUESTION: When and where was the first jute mill set up in India?
Answer: The first jute mill was set up near Kolkata in 1855 at
Rishra.
Question: Why is jute industry concentrated in West Bengal? Explain
with reasons.
OR
Question: Why are most of the jute mills located in West Bengal
along the bank of the river Hugli? Explain any three reasons for this.
Answer: The first jute mill was set up near Kolkata in 1855 at
Rishra.
After Partition in 1947, the jute mills remained in India but three-fourth
of the jute producing area went to Bangladesh (erstwhile East Pakistan).
India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods and
stands at second place as an exporter after Bangladesh.
Most of the mills are located in West Bengal, mainly along the
banks of the Hugli River, in a narrow belt. Factors responsible for their location in the
Hugli basin are:
(i)
Proximity of the jute producing areas,
(ii)
Inexpensive water transport,
(iii) This
industry is supported by a good network of railways, roadways and waterways to
facilitate movement of raw material to the mills,
(iv) Abundant
water is available for processing raw jute.
(v)
Cheap labour is available from West Bengal and adjoining states of
Bihar, Odisha and Uttar Pradesh.
(vi) Kolkata
as a large urban centre provides banking, insurance and port facilities for
export of jute goods.
Question: What is the position of India in the world in the
production of Sugar?
Answer: India stands second as a world producer
of sugar
It stands first place in the production of gur and khandsari.
Question: Why should the Sugar mills be ideally located?
Answer: In sugar industry sugar cane is the raw material for
making sugar. This raw material used in this industry is bulky and in transportation
its sucrose content reduces. Therefore the, sugar mills should be located near
the source of raw material. So, the sugar mills are ideally located near sugarcane
production area.
Question: Write the distribution of sugar industries in India.
Answer: The sugar mills are located in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar,
Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana
and Madhya Pradesh.
Sixty per cent mills are in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
Question: There is a tendency for the sugar industries (mills) to
shift and concentrate in the southern and western states, especially in
Maharashtra. Give reasons.
Answer: In recent years, there is a tendency for the mills to
shift and concentrate in the southern and western states, especially in
Maharashtra,
This is because the cane produced here has a higher sucrose
content.
The cooler climate also ensures a longer crushing season.
Moreover, the cooperatives are more successful in these states.
Question: Production and consumption of steel is often regarded as
the index of a country’s development. Explain.
Answer:
(i)
The iron and steel industry is the basic industry.
(ii)
All the other industries - heavy, medium and light, depend on it
for their machinery.
(iii) Steel
is needed to manufacture a variety of engineering goods, construction material,
defence, medical, telephonic, scientific equipment and a variety of consumer
goods.
(iv) It provides
employment to a large number of people.
(v)
It also helps in the development of agriculture.
(vi) Thus
production and consumption of steel is often
regarded as the index of a country’s development.
Question: Why is iron and
steel industry called a basic industry?
Answer: Iron
and steel industry called a basic industry due to these
reasons.
(i)
All the other industries - heavy, medium and light, depend on it
for their machinery.
(ii)
Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of engineering goods,
construction material, defence, medical, telephonic, scientific equipment and a
variety of consumer goods.
Question: Why is iron and
steel industry called a heavy industry?
Answer: Iron and steel is a heavy
industry because all the raw materials as well as finished goods are heavy and
bulky entailing heavy transportation costs.
Question: Write the composition of different materials needed to
manufacture steel.
Answer:
(i)
Iron ore, coking coal and lime stone are
required in the ratio of approximately 4:2:1.
(ii)
Some quantities of manganese are also
required to harden the steel.
Question: Explain the different Processes of Manufacture of Steel.
Answer:
Processes of Manufacture of Steel are discussed with these points.
(i)
Transport of raw material to plant
Blast furnace
(ii)
Iron is melted lime stone is fluxing material which is added.
Slag is removed, coke is burnt to heat the ore.
Pig iron
(iii)
Molten materials poured into moulds called as pigs.
Shaping metal
(iv)
Rolling, pressing, casting and forging
Steel making
(v)
Pig iron is further purified by melting and oxidising the
impurities, manganese nickel and chromium are added.
Question: Why Chhota Nagpur Plateau Region the maximum concentration
of iron and steel industries? Analysis the reasons.
Answer: Chhota Nagpur
Plateau Region has the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries.
It is largely, because of the relative advantages this region has
for the development of this industry.
These include, low cost of iron ore, high grade raw materials in
proximity, cheap labour and vast growth potential in the home market.
Question: What are the characteristics
of Aluminium?
Answer: Aluminium is light, resistant to corrosion,
It is a good conductor of heat
It is malleable
It becomes strong when it is mixed with other metals.
Question: What are the uses of
Aluminium?
Answer: It is used to manufacture aircraft, utensils and wires.
It has gained popularity as a substitute of steel, copper, zinc and lead in a number of industries.
Question: Explain the distribution
of Aluminium Smelting industry in India.
Answer: Aluminium smelting is the second most important
metallurgical industry in India.
Aluminium smelting plants in the country are located in Odisha,
West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.
Question: What is the raw material used in Aluminium smelting
industry?
Answer: Bauxite, the raw
material used in the smelters is a very bulky, dark reddish coloured rock.
Question: What are the two major factors for the location of Aluminium
smelting industry?
Answer: Regular supply of electricity and an assured source of raw
material at minimum cost are the two prime factors for location of the
industry.
Question: Discuss the status of Chemical Industries in India.
Answer: The Chemical industry in India is fast growing and
diversifying.
It comprises both large and small scale manufacturing units.
Rapid growth has been recorded in both inorganic and organic
sectors.
Inorganic chemicals include
sulphuric acid (used to manufacture fertilizers, synthetic fibres, plastics,
adhesives, paints, dyes stuffs), nitric acid, alkalies, soda ash (used to make
glass, soaps and detergents, paper) and caustic soda.
Organic chemicals include
petrochemicals, which are used for manufacturing of synthetic fibers, synthetic
rubber, plastics, dye-stuffs, drugs and pharmaceuticals. Organic chemical
plants are located near oil refineries or petrochemical plants.
The chemical industry is its own largest consumer.
Basic chemicals undergo processing to further produce other
chemicals that are used for industrial application, agriculture or directly for
consumer markets.
Question: Discuss fertilizer Industry in India.
Answer: The fertilizer industry is centred around the production
of nitrogenous fertilizers (mainly urea), phosphatic fertilizers and ammonium
phosphate (DAP) and complex fertilizers which have a combination of nitrogen
(N), phosphate (P), and potash (K). The potash is entirely imported as the
country does not have any reserves of commercially usable potash or potassium
compounds in any form.
Question: Distribution of fertilizer industry in India.
Answer: After the Green Revolution the industry expanded to
several other parts of the country.
Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Kerala contribute
towards half of the fertilizer production.
Other significant producers are Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Rajasthan,
Bihar, Maharashtra, Assam, West Bengal, Goa, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh and
Karnataka.
Question: Discuss Cement Industry in India.
Answer: Cement is essential
for construction activity such as building houses, factories, bridges, roads,
airports, dams and for other commercial establishments.
This industry requires bulky
and heavy raw materials like limestone, silica and gypsum.
Coal and electric power are needed apart from rail transportation.
The first cement plant was set-up in
Chennai in 1904. After Independence the industry expanded. The industry has
strategically located plants in Gujarat that have suitable access to the market
in the Gulf countries.
Question: Explain about Automobile Industry in India.
Answer: Automobiles provide vehicle for quick transport of good
services and passengers.
Trucks, buses, cars, motor cycles, scooters, three-wheelers and
multi-utility vehicles are manufactured in India at various centres.
After the liberalisation, the coming in of new and contemporary
models stimulated the demand for vehicles in the market, which led to the
healthy growth of the industry including passenger cars, two and
three-wheelers.
The industry is located around Delhi, Gurugram, Mumbai, Pune,
Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad, Jamshedpur and Bengaluru.
Question: Explain about Information Technology and Electronics
Industry in India.
Answer:
(i)
The electronics industry covers a wide range of products from
transistor sets to television, telephones, cellular telecom, telephone
exchange, radars, computers and many other types of equipment required by the
telecommunication industry.
(ii)
Bengaluru has emerged as the electronic capital of India.
(iii) Other
important centres for electronic goods are Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune,
Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow and Coimbatore.
(iv) The
major industry concentration is at Bengaluru, Noida, Mumbai, Chennai, Hyderabad
and Pune.
(v)
The continuing growth in the hardware and software is the key to
the success of IT industry in India.
Question: What is the importance of information technology sector
for the Indian economy? Explain.
Answer: the information technology sector has been very beneficial
for the Indian economy. This can be asserted as fellow.
(i)
A major impact of this industry has been on employment generation.
(ii)
This industry is a major foreign exchange earner.
(iii) It
has helped in the growth of service sector.
Question: How do industries pollute the environment?
Although industries contribute significantly to India’s economic
growth and development, the increase in pollution of land, water, air, noise
and resulting degradation of environment that they have caused, cannot be overlooked.
Industries are responsible for four types of pollution:
(a) Air (b) Water (c) Land (d) Noise.
The polluting industries also include thermal power plants.
Air pollution
Air pollution is caused by the presence of high proportion of
undesirable gases, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide.
Airborne particulate materials contain both solid and liquid
particles like dust, sprays mist and smoke.
Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns,
refineries and smelting plants, and burning of fossil fuels in big and small
factories that ignore pollution norms.
Toxic gas leaks can be very hazardous with long-term effects. The Bhopal
Gas tragedy was one of the major examples of gas leak.
Air pollution adversely affects human health, animals, plants,
buildings and the atmosphere as a whole.
Water pollution
Water pollution is caused by organic and inorganic industrial
wastes and affluents discharged into rivers.
The main culprits in this regard are paper, pulp, chemical,
textile and dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries and electroplating
industries that let out dyes, detergents, acids, salts and heavy metals like
lead and mercury pesticides, fertilisers, synthetic chemicals with carbon,
plastics and rubber, etc. into the water bodies.
Fly ash, phospo- gypsum and iron and steel slags are the major
solid wastes in India.
Thermal pollution of water occurs when hot water from factories
and thermal plants is drained into rivers and ponds before cooling. It effect
on aquatic life.
Wastes from nuclear power plants, nuclear and weapon production
facilities cause cancers, birth defects and miscarriages.
Soil and underground water pollution
Soil and water pollution are closely related. Dumping of wastes especially
glass, harmful chemicals, industrial effluents, packaging, salts and garbage
renders the soil useless.
Rain water percolates to the soil carrying the pollutants to the ground
and the ground water also gets contaminated.
Noise pollution
Noise pollution not only results in irritation and anger, it can
also cause hearing impairment, increased heart rate and blood pressure among
other physiological effects. Unwanted sound is an irritant and a source of
stress. Industrial and construction activities, machinery, factory equipment,
generators, saws and pneumatic and electric drills also make a lot of noise.
Question: Discuss the steps to
be taken to minimise environmental degradation by industry?
OR
Question: How can we Control of Environmental Degradation which is
done by industries?
Answer:
Some suggestions to reduce pollution in water are given below –
Reduces
of water pollution
Minimising use water for processing by reusing and recycling it in
two or more successive stages
Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements
Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers
and ponds. This can be done in three phases
(i)
Primary treatment by mechanical means. This involves screening,
grinding, flocculation and sedimentation.
(ii)
Secondary treatment by biological process
(iii) Tertiary
treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes. This involves
recycling of wastewater.
Overdrawing of ground water reserves by industry where there is a
threat to ground water resources also needs to be regulated legally.
Reduces
of air pollution
Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke
stacks to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers
and inertial separators.
Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in
factories.
Reduces
of noise pollution
Machinery
and equipment can be used and generators
should be fitted with silencers.
Almost
all machinery can be redesigned to increase energy efficiency and reduce noise.
Noise
absorbing material may be used apart from personal use of earplugs and
earphones.
The
challenge of sustainable development requires integration of economic development
with environmental concerns.
Question: Explain the pro–active approach adopted by the National
Thermal Power corporation (NTPC) for the preserving the natural environment and
resources.
Answer: NTPC is a major power providing corporation in India.
It has ISO certification for EMS (Environment Management System)
14001.
The corporation has a proactive approach for preserving the
natural environment and resources like water, oil and gas and fuels in places
where it is setting up power plants.
This has been possible
through-
(a) Optimum utilisation of
equipment adopting latest techniques and upgrading existing equipment.
(b) Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilisation.
(c) Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance and
addressing the question of special purpose vehicles for afforestation.
(d) Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond
management, ash water recycling system and liquid waste management.
(e) Ecological monitoring, reviews and on-line database
management for all its power stations.
Question: Which one of the following industries uses bauxite as a
raw material?
(a) Aluminium Smelting
(b) Cement (c) Paper (d) Steel
Answer: Aluminium Smelting
Question: Which one of the following industries manufactures
telephones, computer, etc?
(a) Steel (b)
Electronic (c) Aluminium Smelting (d) Information Technology
Answer: Information Technology
Question: What are basic industries? Give an example.
Answer:
Basic industries are those industries which supply their products or finished
goods to other industries to manufacture new goods. These industries provide a
base for other industries is called basic industries.
Example :- Iron and steel industry and Copper smelting industry.
Question: Every liter of waste water discharged by our industry
pollutes eight times the quantity of freshwater. How can the industrial pollution of fresh
water be reduced?
OR
How can the industrial pollution of freshwater be reduced?
Answer: Some suggestions to reduce pollution in water are given
below -
(i) Minimising use water for processing by reusing and recycling
it in two or more successive stages
(ii) Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements
(iii) Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in
rivers and ponds.
Treatment of industrial effluents (liquid )
Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases
(a) Primary treatment by mechanical means. This involves
screening, grinding, flocculation and sedimentation.
(b) Secondary treatment by biological process
(c) Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical
processes. This involves recycling of wastewater.
Why did Mahatma Gandhi lay emphasis on spinning yarn and weaving
khadi?
Answer:
Because Mahatma Gandhi wanted that employment should be given to large number
of people who were unemployed.
They
also want to spread the use of home-made cloth.
Why is it important for our country to keep the mill sector loomage
lower than power loom and handloom?
Answer:
Because power loom and handloom provide employment to a large number of
weavers.
