Lesson
4 Agriculture
Class
10TH
Subject
– Social Science (Geography)
Book –
Contemporary India-II
Question: What is
the Importance of agriculture in Indian economy?
Answer: Agriculture is a primary economic activity,
which produces most of the food that we consume.
About 70% of
Indian population finds livelihood in agriculture.
Near about 35 % of national income derived
from agricultural sector.
Agriculture
also produces raw material for various industries.
Question: Name
the types of farming system (agriculture type) which are practised in India.
Answer: In India framing varies from subsistence
agriculture to commercial agriculture. At present, indifferent parts of India,
the following farming system (agricultural methods) are practiced.
1)
Primitive subsistence farming
2)
Intensive subsistence farming
3)
Commercial farming
Question: What is Primitive
subsistence farming?
OR
What
type of farming is practised by using primitive tools?
Answer: Primitive
subsistence farming (agriculture) is a type of agriculture, which is practised
on small patches of land with help of primitive tools like hoe, dao and digging
sticks and family or community labour. This type of agriculture depends upon
monsoon, natural fertility of the soil and suitability of other environmental
conditions to the crop grown.
Question: Explain the “Slash and Burn”
agriculture?
OR
Mention
features of slush and burn agriculture.
Answer.
(i)
Slash and burn
agriculture is a type of Primitive subsistence farming (agriculture).
(ii)
In this type of
agriculture farmers clear a patch of land and produces cereals and other food
crops to sustain their family.
(iii)
This is type of
farming is practised with help of primitive tools like hoe, dao and digging
sticks and family
(iv)
When the soil
fertility decreases, the farmers shift and clear a fresh patch of land for
cultivation.
(v)
Land productivity
in this type of agriculture is very low as the farmers do not use fertilizers
or other modern inputs.
Question: Name the local names of “Slash
and Burn” (Primitive Subsistence) type of agriculture in different
countries in the world?
Answer:
|
Local name of Slash and Burn” agriculture |
Name of the countries |
|
Milpa |
Central America and Mexico |
|
Conuco |
Venezuela |
|
Roca |
Brazil |
|
Masole |
Central Africa |
|
Ladaanaag |
Indonesia, Malaysia |
|
Ray |
Vietnam |
Question: Name the local names of “Slash
and Burn” (Primitive Subsistence) type of agriculture in different in
(areas) states in India?
Answer:
|
Local name of Slash and Burn” agriculture |
Name of the States or regions in of India |
|
North eastern states of India like Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram and
Nagaland |
Jhumming |
|
Manipur |
Pamlou |
|
Bastar district of Chhattishgarh |
Dipa |
|
Madhya Pradesh |
Bewar or dahiya |
|
Andhra Pradesh |
Podu’ or ‘Penda’ |
|
Odisha |
‘Pama Dabi’ or ‘Koman’ or Bringa’ |
|
Western Ghats |
‘Kumari’ |
|
South-eastern Rajasthan |
Valre’ or ‘Waltre’ |
|
In Himalayan belt, |
‘Khil’ |
|
Jharkhand |
Kuruwa |
Question: What is Intensive
Subsistence Farming? Write some features of Intensive Subsistence Farming.
OR
Question: Mention features of intensive
subsistence farming.
Answer:
(i)
Intensive Subsistence farming is a type
of farming which is practised in areas of high population pressure on land.
(ii)
It is labour intensive farming,
(iii)
In this type of farming high doses of
bio-chemical inputs and irrigation are used for obtaining higher production.
(iv)
Per hectare Yield (Production) of
crops is high in this farming.
Question: There is enormous pressure on
agricultural land. Explain it ?
Answer:
Though the ‘right of inheritance’ leading to the division of land among
successive generations has rendered land-holding size uneconomical, the farmers
continue to take maximum output from the limited land in the absence of
alternative source of livelihood. Thus, there is enormous pressure on
agricultural land.
Question: What is
Commercial Farming? Write some features of Commercial Farming.
OR
Question: Describe
some characteristics of Commercial Farming.
The main characteristic of this type
of farming is the use of higher doses of modern inputs, e.g. high yielding
variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides in order
to obtain higher productivity. The degree of commercialisation of agriculture
varies from one region to another. For example, rice is a commercial crop in
Haryana and Punjab, but in Odisha, it is a subsistence crop.
Question: What is
Plantation Agriculture? Write some features of Plantation Agriculture.
OR
Question: Describe some characteristics of Plantation
Agriculture.
OR
Question:
what type of farming is called plantation farming? Which factors are needed to
promote them in India?
Answer:
(i)
Plantation is also a type of
commercial farming.
(ii)
In this type of farming, a single crop
is grown on a large area.
(iii)
The plantation has an interface of
agriculture and industry.
(iv)
Plantations cover large tracts of
land, using capital intensive inputs, with the help of migrant labourers.
(v)
All the produce is used as raw
material in respective industries.
(vi)
In India, tea, coffee, rubber,
sugarcane, banana, etc., are important plantation crops.
(vii)
The production of plantation
agriculture is mainly for market.
(viii)
It needs a well developed network of
transport and communication connecting the plantation areas,
(ix)
Processing industries and markets
plays an important role in the development of plantations.
Question: Name the cropping
seasons of India with examples of crops.
Answer: India has three cropping
seasons —
Rabi : Wheat, Barley, Peas, Gram and Mustard
Kharif : Paddy, Maize, Jowar, Bajra, Tur (Arhar),
Cotton, Jute etc.
Zaid : Watermelon, Muskmelon, Cucumber, Vegetables
and Fodder crops
Question: Compare the cropping seasons of India.
OR
Question: Write
characteristics of rabi, kharif and zaid crops.
Answer: The comparison between rabi, kharif and zaid
crops is given below.
Rabi
(i) Rabi crops are sown in winter from
October to December
(ii) These crops are harvested in
summer from April to June.
(iii) Some of the important rabi crops
are wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard.
Kharif
(i) Kharif crops are grown with the
onset of monsoon in different parts of the country.
(ii) These crops are harvested in September-October.
(iii) Important crops grown during
this season are paddy, maize, jowar, bajra, tur (arhar), moong, urad, cotton,
jute, groundnut and soyabean.
Zaid
(i)
These crops are grown in between the
rabi and the kharif seasons is known as the Zaid season.,
(ii)
There is a short season during the
summer months.
(iii)
Some of the crops produced during
‘zaid’ are watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber, vegetables and fodder crops.
Question: Write the names of
states where three crops of paddy are grown in India.
Answer: In states like Assam, West
Bengal and Odisha, three crops of paddy are grown in a year. These crops names are
Aus, Aman and Boro.
Question: Explain the favourable geographical conditions required for the production of rice. Also mention the major rice producing states in India.
Answer: Rice is the staple food
crop of a majority of the people in India. Our country is the second largest
producer of rice in the world after China.
Geographical conditions required for
the production of rice
Temperature
It is a kharif crop which requires
high temperature, (above 25°C)
Rainfall
Rice required high humidity with
annual rainfall above 100 cm. In the areas of less rainfall, it grows with the
help of irrigation.
Soils
Rice can grow in variety of soils
including silts, loams and gravels. But it is grown best in alluvial soil.
Major rice producing areas in India
Rice is grown in the plains of north
and north-eastern India, coastal areas and the deltaic regions.
Some of the most important rice
growing regions are Assam, West Bengal, coastal regions of Odisha, Andhra
Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Maharashtra, particularly the
(Konkan coast), along with Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
Recently, rice has also become an
important crop of Punjab and Haryana.
Question: which made
possible to rice crop in areas of less rainfall such as Punjab, Haryana and
western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan?
Answer: Development of dense network
of canal irrigation and tubewells have made it possible to grow rice in areas of
less rainfall such as Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh and parts of
Rajasthan.
Que. Describe geographical
(climatic) conditions required for the growth of Wheat. Mention important wheat
producing states in India?
Ans. Wheat is the second most important cereal crop. It is the
main food crop, in north and north-western part of the country.
Geographical (climatic) conditions
Temperature
Wheat is a rabi crop. It requires
a cool growing season and a bright sunshine at the time of ripening (harvesting).
Rainfall
It requires 50 to 75 cm of
annual rainfall evenly distributed over the growing season.
Soil
Light loamy (domat) soil
is required for wheat crop. It can also be grown in black soil.
Major wheat producing
areas and states
There are two important
wheat-growing zones in the country – the Ganga-Satluj plains in the north-west
and black soil region of the Deccan.
The major wheat-producing
states are Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Rajasthan.
Question: Write the names of
important millets grown in India.
Answer: Jowar, bajra and ragi are the important
millets grown in India.
Question: Write
geographical condition required for the growth of Jowar. Mention the major
Jowar producing states in India.
Answer: Jowar is the third most
important food crop with respect to area and production.
It is a rain-fed crop mostly grown in the
moist areas which hardly needs irrigation.
Major Jowar producing States are Maharashtra,
Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.
Question: Write geographical
condition required for the growth of Bajra. Mention the major Bajra producing
states in India.
Answer: Bajra is the important millets
grown in India.
Bajra grows well on sandy soils and shallow
black soil.
It needs dry climatic conditions.
Major Bajra producing States are
Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Haryana.
Question: Write geographical
condition required for the growth of Ragi. Mention the major Ragi producing
states in India.
Answer: Ragi is the important millets
grown in India. ragi is very rich in iron, calcium, other micro nutrients and
roughage.
Ragi is a crop of dry regions and
grows well on red, black, sandy, loamy and shallow black soils.
Major Ragi producing states are:
Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Jharkhand and
Arunachal Pradesh.
Question: Write geographical
condition required for the growth of Ragi. Mention the major Ragi producing
states in India.
Answer: Maize is a crop which is used
both as food and fodder.
It is a kharif crop. In some states
like Bihar maize is grown in rabi season also.
Maize requires temperature between 21°C to
27°C
It grows well in old alluvial soil.
Use of modern inputs such as HYV seeds,
fertilisers and irrigation have contributed to the increasing production of maize.
Major maize-producing states are Karnataka,
Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.
Question: Which crop is
major source of protein in a vegetarian diet?
Answer: Pulses
Question: Which type ofcrops
are also known as ‘leguminous crops’?
Answer: Pulses
Question: How can you say
that, ’India is the largest producer as well as consumer in theworld’?
Pulses:
Answer: India is the largest producer
as well as the consumer of pulses in the world.
These are the major source of protein
in a vegetarian diet.
Major pulses that are grown in India
are tur (arhar), urad, moong, masur, peas and gram.
Question: Explain the
geographical conditions required for the cultivation of pulses. What are
benefits of producing pulses? Name the
important pulses producing states.
Answer: India is the largest producer
as well as the consumer of pulses in the world.
These are the major source of protein
in a vegetarian diet.
Major pulses that are grown in India
are tur (arhar), urad, moong, masur, peas and gram.
Geographical conditions required for
the cultivation of pulse
Pulses need less moisture and survive
even in dry conditions.
Benefits of producing pulses
Being leguminous crops, these crops help in restoring soil fertility by fixing
nitrogen from the air.Therefore, these are mostly grown in rotation with other
crops.
Major pulse producing states in India
Major pulse producing states in India
are Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka.
Question: Describe geographical (climatic) conditions required for the growth of Sugarcane. Mention major states producing that crop?
answer: India is the second
largest producer of sugarcane only after Brazil. It is the main source of
sugar, gur (jaggary), khandsari and molasses.
Geographical (climatic) conditions
Temperature:
It is a tropical as well
as a subtropical crop. It grows well in hot and humid climate with a
temperature of 21°C to 27°C
Rainfall
It grows best in areas
receiving an annual rainfall between 75cm. and 100cm. Irrigation is required in
the regions of low rainfall.
Soil
Sugarcane can be grown on
a variety of soils including black soil, alluvial soil and loomy soil.
Capital and Labour
It needs manual labour
from sowing to harvesting.
Major sugarcane-producing
states
The major sugarcane-producing
states are Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh,
Telangana, Bihar, Punjab and Haryana.
Question: Name the oilseeds
crops produed in India. Explain the importance of oilseeds in our life.
OR
Question: Write notes on
oilseeds crops in India.
Answer: Main oil-seeds produced in
India are groundnut, mustard, coconut, sesamum (til), soyabean, castor seeds,
cotton seeds, linseed and sunflower.
In 2020 India was the second largest
producer of groundnut in the world after China.
Different oil seeds are grown covering
approximately 12 per cent of the total cropped area of the country.
Importance of oilseeds in our life
Most of these are edible and used as
cooking mediums. However, some of these are also used as raw material in the
production of soap, cosmetics and ointments.
Question: give an account of
oilseeds in India. State the importance of groundnut and
Answer:
(i)
Groundnut is a kharif crop and
accounts for about half of the major oilseeds produced in the country. Gujarat
was the largest producer of groundnut followed by Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu in
2019-20.
(ii)
Linseed and mustard are rabi crops.
(iii)
Sesamum is a kharif crop in north and
rabi crop in south India.
(iv)
Castor seed is grown both as rabi and
kharif crop.
Que. Name the most important
beverage crop introduced by the British in India. Explain the geographical
conditions required for its growth. Also mention major states producing that
crop?
OR
Name the most important
beverage crop of India. Describe the suitable climatic conditions required for
its growth. Also mention major states producing that crop?
OR
Describe geographical
conditions required for the growth of tea. Mention major states producing that
crop?
Tea cultivation is an
example of plantation agriculture. It is also an important beverage crop
introduced in India initially by the British. In 2020 India was the second
largest producer of tea after China.
Climatic (Geographical)
conditions for tea
Temperature
The tea plant grows well
in tropical and sub-tropical climates. Tea bushes require warm and moist
frost-free climate all through the year.
Soil
Tea plant endowed with
deep and fertile well-drained soil, rich in humus and organic matter.
Rainfall
Frequent showers evenly
distributed over the year ensure continuous growth of tender leaves. Labour
Tea is a labour-intensive
industry. It requires abundant, cheap and skilled labour. Tea is processed
within the tea garden to restore its freshness.
Major tea producing states
Major tea producing states
are Assam, (hills of Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri districts), West Bengal, Tamil Nadu
and Kerala. Apart from these, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Meghalaya, Andhra Pradesh
and Tripura are also tea-producing states in the country.
Question: Why Indian Coffee
has a great demand all over the world. Mention major states producing that
crop?
Answer: Coffee is a plantation crop. Indian coffee is
known in the world for its good quality. The Arabica variety initially brought
from Yemen is produced in the country. This variety is in great demand all over
the world.
Initially cultivation of coffee was introduced
on the Baba Budan Hills.
Its cultivation is confined to the
Nilgiri in Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
Question: What is the
agricultural term used for the cultivation of fruits and vegetables? Mention
its three features with reference of India.
Answer: The agricultural term used for
the cultivation of fruits and vegetables is horticulture.
Features of horticulture in India
(i)
In 2020, India was the second largest
producer of fruits and vegetables in the world after China.
(ii)
India is a producer of tropical as
well as temperate fruits.
(iii)
India is an important producer of pea,
cauliflower, onion, cabbage, tomato, brinjal and potato.
Which states are the leading
producers of the following horticulture crops?
(i) Mangoes, (ii) Oranges,
(iii) Bananas, (iv) Lichi and Guava, (v)Pineapples, (vi) Apples, pears,
apricots and walnuts.
(i)
Mangoes: Maharashtra,
Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal,
(ii)
Oranges: Nagpur and Cherrapunjee (Meghalaya),
(iii)
Bananas : Kerala, Mizoram, Maharashtra and Tamil
Nadu,
(iv)
Lichi and guava : Uttar
Pradesh and Bihar,
(v)
Pineapples: Meghalaya, grapes of Andhra Pradesh,
Telangana and Maharashtra,
(vi)
Apples, pears, apricots and walnuts: Jammu
and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh
Question: Describe
geographical conditions required for the growth of rubber. Mention major states
producing that crop?
Answer: Rubber is a cash
crop. Rubber is an important industrial
raw material.
Geographical conditions
(i)
Rubber is an equatorial crop, but under special conditions, it is also
grown in tropical and sub-tropical areas.
(ii)
Above 25°C temperature is
required for this crop.
(iii)
It requires moist and humid
climate with rainfall of more than 200 cm.
Major rubber producing
states (areas)
It is mainly grown in
Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andaman and Nicobar islands and Garo hills of
Meghalaya.
Question: Write the names of
mojor Fibre Crops grown in India
Answer: Cotton, jute, hemp
and natural silk are the four major fibre crops grown in India.
Question: Write a note on
sericulture.
Answer: The natural silk is
obtained from cocoons of the silkworms fed on green leaves specially mulberry.
Rearing of silk worms for the production of silk fiber is known as sericulture.
Question: Write name of major fiber crop? Explain the
geographical conditions essential for the cultivation of this crop. Also
mention major states producing that crop?
Answer: Cotton is the major
fiber crop. Cotton is one of the main raw materials for cotton textile
industry. India is believed to be the original home of the cotton plant.
India is second largest
producer of cotton after China.
Geographical conditions essential for
the cultivation of cotton
Soil
Cotton grows well in drier
parts of the black cotton soil of the Deccan plateau.
Temperature
It requires high
temperature (more than 21º C),
Sun light
210 frost-free days and bright sun-shine is
necessary for its growth.
Rain fall
light rainfall (50 to70cm)
is required for this crop.
Time period
It is a kharif crop and
requires 6 to 8 months to mature.
Major producing states
Major cotton-producing
states are– Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh,
Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh.
Question: Which crop is known as a ‘golden fiber’?
Mention the uses of this crop. Explain the geographical conditions essential
for the cultivation of this crop. Also mention major states producing that
crop?
Answer: Jute is
known as the golden fiber.
Uses of jute
It is used in making gunny
bags, mats, ropes, yarn, carpets and other artefacts.
Geographical conditions
essential for the jute cultivation
(i)
Jute grows well on
well-drained fertile soils in the flood plains where soils are renewed every
year.
(ii)
High temperature is
required during the time of growth.
Major jute producing states in India
West Bengal, Bihar, Assam,
Odisha and Meghalaya are the major jute producing states
Question: Write the technological
and institutional reforms in Indian agriculture.
Answer: in India agriculture provides livelihood for more than 60 per cent of
its population, it needs some serious technical and institutional reforms.
To improve the conditions of
agriculture and the farmers the technological and institutional reforms were
taken place by government of India.
(i)
Collectivisation, and
consolidation of holdings,
(ii)
Cooperation
(iii)
Abolition of Zamindari,
etc. was given priority to bring about institutional reforms in the country
after Independence.
(iv)
‘Land reform’ was the main
focus of our First Five Year Plan.
(v)
The Government of India
embarked upon introducing agricultural reforms to improve Indian agriculture in
the 1960s and 1970s.
(vi)
The Green Revolution based
on the use of package technology and the White Revolution (Operation Flood)
were some of the strategies initiated to improve the lot of Indian agriculture.
(vii)
In the 1980s and 1990s, a
comprehensive land development programme was initiated, which included both
institutional and technical reforms.
(viii)
Provision for crop
insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and disease,
(ix)
Establishment of Grameen
banks, cooperative societies and banks for providing loan facilities to the
farmers at lower rates of interest were some important steps in this direction.
(x)
Kisan Credit Card
(KCC), Personal Accident Insurance
Scheme (PAIS) are some other schemes introduced by the Government of India for
the benefit of the farmers.
(xi)
Moreover, special weather
bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers were introduced on the radio
and television.
(xii)
The government also
announces minimum support price, remunerative and procurement prices for
important crops to check the exploitation of farmers by speculators and
middlemen.
Question: Who was designated
as Mahatma Gandhi’s spiritual heir?
Answer: Vinoba Bhave
Question: Write a note on Bhoodan – Gramdan movement.
Why Bhoodan – Gramdan
movement initiated by Vinoba Bhave is called the Blood-less Revolution.
Mahatma Gandhi declared
Vinoba Bhave as his spiritual heir. He was one of the votaries of Gandhi’s
concept of gram swarajya. Vinoba Bhave undertook padyatra to
spread Gandhiji’s message in the entire country.
Once, when he was
delivering a lecture at Pochampalli in Andhra Pradesh, some poor landless
villagers demanded some land for their economic well-being. Suddenly, Shri Ram
Chandra Reddy stood up and offered 80 acres of land to be distributed among 80
land-less villagers. This act was known as ‘Bhoodan’.
After
this some zamindars, owners of many villages offered to distribute some villages
among the landless. It was known as Gramdan. This Bhoodan-Gramdan movement
initiated by Vinoba Bhave is also known as the Blood-less Revolution.
Question:
Which one of the following describes a system of agriculture where a single crop
is grown on a large area?
(a)
Shifting Agriculture (b) Plantation Agriculture (c) Horticulture (d) Intensive Agriculture
Answer: Plantation
Agriculture
Question:
Which one of the following is a rabi
crop?
(a)
Rice (b) Gram (c) Millets (d) Cotton
Answer: Gram
Question:
Which one of the following is a leguminous crop?
(a)
Pulses (b) Jawar (c) Millets (d) Sesamum
Answer: Pulses
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